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Ja fa una pila d’anys, al territori, van tenir un desafortunat cas d’una jove amb un hematoma epidural que va evolucionar ràpidament i va acabar morint. Uns anys més tard, en una situació similar, es va entrar al quiròfan local i drenant l’hematoma abans del trasllat. D’aquest últim cas en desconec el resultat final.
I un temps més tard va aparèixer aquest article científic en què descrivien un drenatge d’un hematoma extradural amb una agulla intraòssia previ a la intervenció neuroquirúrgica:
Però a què ens referim aquí quan parlem de drenar un hematoma extradural (o epidural si ho preferiu)? Evidentment no parlem de sagnats petits sinó d’aquells hematomes que s’inicien en la proximitat de l’interior de la calota i que acaben ocupant prou espai per a desplaçar les estructures cerebrals i arribar a provocar una hèrnia cerebral.
Aquest augment de volum es pot produir de forma progressiva a diferents velocitats i no és estrany que la persona arribi conscient i conversant i es deteriori de forma abrupta. I si no s’actua, gairebé sempre acaba en un resultat terrible per a la persona que la pateix. La forma d’aturar aquest procés és el drenatge de l’acumulació de sang, aquest procediment el fa de forma habitual el neurocirurgià a quiròfan.
Però no sempre tenim aquest neurocirurgià prou a prop per a realitzar aquesta intervenció salvadora abans que es produeixi aquesta herniació que descric més endavant. Per això el procediment de drenatge d’aquestes lesions de forma emergent per no neurocirurgians s’ha descrit en diverses publicacions i s’ha inclòs en el currículum d’alguns proveïdors en alguns llocs del món . No cal dir que aquest procediment és un d’aquests HALO (H igh A cuity L ow O currence)* que possiblement només veurem un o pocs cops al llarg d’una carrera professional.
Com en tots aquests procediments hi ha dues grans dificultats per a executar-lo. La primera, i potser la més important, és la decisió d’executar l’acte salvador que, com en aquest cas, acostuma a ser de gran impacte emocional. I aquesta decisió també es veu influïda per la segona dificultat, la tècnica del procediment. Fins a la publicació de l’article que he citat abans, el procediment d’evacuació consistia a fer incisió cutània i dissecció fins a arribar a la calota per posteriorment foradar el crani amb una broca, amb un filaberquí manual o a motor, i aspirar el contingut hemàtic . Un procediment totalment quirúrgic i amb equipament específic en dificulta la capacitat d’execució, per això el que proposa aquest article és molt interessant: fer servir una agulla intraòssia (EZ-IO, la més comuna a casa nostra) per a travessar el crani i drenar l’hematoma.
Amb posterioritat a aquest primer cas exitós se n’han reportat uns pocs més (taula 1) amb mals resultats i s’ha fet un estudi cadavèric per a determinar la millor mida de l’agulla.
Estudi Cas Resultat Imatge Bulstrode 2017 Dona de 43 anys atropellada per vehicle. Després de disminuir l’estat de consciència (de GCS O4V4M6 a O1V2M5) i presentar anisocòria es fa nova TC que mostra gran hematoma extradural occipitoparietal amb desviació d’uns 11 mm de la línia mitja. Es trasllada un cop intubada A l’arribada a centre neuroquirúrgic i mentre es prepara intervenció, es drena hematoma amb agulla IO obtenint 30 cc de sang. Temps del procediment 8 min. Excel·lent recuperació sense dèficit neurològic Dunford 2018 Home de 69 anys que pateix TCE tancat, es deteriora ràpidament a l’arribada a centre 3r nivell (GCS 3 i anisocòria). TC mostra fractura temporal i parietal amb gran hematoma extradural dret fins a 18 mm de profunditat amb desviació significant de la línia mitja i herniació uncal Previ a trasllat a centre neuroquirúrgic es drenen 70 cc de sang després d’inserció d’agulla IO. Mort al cap de dos dies, sense haver recuperat la consciència. L’hematoma va ser erròniament reportat com a extradural i finalment era subdural Barro 2020 Home de 65 anys sense antecedents que arriba a centre de trauma de 1r nivell després de TCE tancat sever. El pacient presenta bradicàrdia extrema que progressa a aturada cardíaca no desfibril·lable a pesar de mesures estàndard per a baixar la pressió intracranial Pacient recupera circulació espontània després d’inserció empírica de l’agulla IO i drenatge de 10 cc de sang. Al cap de 5 minuts fa nova aturada i acaba morint. Necròpsia mostra hemorràgia subdural i també subaracnoidal amb hidrocèfal que van provocar herniació concomitant Home de 30 anys sense antecedents que arriba a hospital de 3r nivell després de TCE tancat significatiu. Al cap de trenta minuts de la primera TC presenta bradicàrdia i hipertensió. El seu Glasgow baixa de 13 (O4V4M5) a 4T (O1V1TM2) i s’intuba Previ a trasllat es drenen 15 cc de sang de l’hematoma amb l’agulla IO al lloc de més profunditat de l’hematoma, millorant la freqüència cardíaca. Arriba a quiròfan 1 h després de la sospita d’herniació. Tot i això, no hi ha millora de l’estat neurològic i s’ingressa a centre d’alta dependència amb una traqueostomia i gastrostomia. McClung 2020 Home de 38 anys portat en ambulància per crisis epilèptica i caiguda posterior amb TCE, història de craniotomia prèvia per a resecció parcial d’un glioblastoma La TC mostrava un gran sagnat extra-axial amb desviació considerable de la línia mitja exagerada per la resecció prèvia. Al retorn de l’escàner presenta pupil·les fixes a 5 mm i no reactives El quiròfan no estava disponible i es va decidir drenatge amb agulla IO. Es van drenar uns 230 cc de sang abans de cirurgia. El pacient va empitjorar en els dos dies següents i va presentar mort cerebral
Resum de casos presentats en els diversos articles trobats.
El procediment que aproximadament descriuen els diferents casos és el següent:
Es disposa d’imatge clínica, habitualment TC, que identifica presència de lesió que o bé ja mostra signes evolucionats de lesió greu (ocupació d’espai +/- desplaçament de la línia mitja) o bé podria evolucionar-hi en poc temps (hi ha un cas en què la inserció es va fer a cegues, fent servir una referència habitual a la zona temporal).
Amb aquesta imatge es tria la zona amb la màxima amplada de la lesió ocupant com a punt per a la inserció i es trasllada aquesta zona a la posició real en el crani de l’afectat.
Es prepara la zona a puncionar (rasurat i preparació de camp quirúrgic) i s’insereix l’agulla EZ-IO de la mateixa forma que ho faríem al cap humeral o la tíbia. La selecció de la mida de l’agulla o la profunditat a la qual ha d’arribar queda obert. Amb la imatge es pot mesurar la distància des de la pell fins a l’hematoma a drenar per a decidir-ho.
En l’estudi en cadàvers suggereixen usar l’agulla de 15 mm (blava, pediàtrica) però amb incisió cutània per a iniciar la inserció de l’agulla.
Un cop retirat el fiador de l’agulla es procedeix a l’aspiració de la sang de l’hematoma amb xeringa. En tots els casos registrats es va obtenir sang, en volums des de 10 fins a 70 ml (150 ml en l’últim cas, de malalt amb cirurgia prèvia).
En el fons aquest procediment no difereix massa de l’acte neuroquirúrgic de drenatge , trepanació o “burr hole” en anglès, en aquesta cirurgia es fan servir broques de major diàmetre per a posteriorment aspirar i retirar l’hematoma. En alguns casos s’opta per a obrir una finestra al crani per a poder retirar la totalitat de l’hematoma. També es fan servir cargols roscats per a la introducció de catèters per a mesurar la pressió intracranial o drenatges de líquid cefalorraquidi , i en els últims anys han aparegut unes agulles per a irrigar i aspirar hematomes subdurals crònics (encara amb poca evidència que millorin els resultats de les tècniques més tradicionals).
Material necessari per a trepanació
Ara bé, saber com es fa el procediment no implica que s’hagi de fer. Fins al moment sabem perquè fer-lo (evitar herniació) i una manera “senzilla” de com fer-lo, però potser el més important és saber QUAN fer-lo. I aquí la resposta no és senzilla perquè hi entra en joc la capacitat d’adaptació fisiològica.
Seguint la doctrina de Monro-Kellie , dins la cavitat cranial tenim tres components: el parènquima cerebral (≈80%), el líquid cefalorraquidi (LCR ≈10%) i la sang (≈10%), que ocupen la totalitat del volum intern. Al ser el crani una estructura rígida i no distensible, si el volum d’algun d’aquests components augmenta, algun dels altres haurà de disminuir per a compensar-ho i mantenir la pressió intracranial dins el rang normal. En el nostre cas l’aparició del sagnat suposarà un augment de volum que inicialment serà compensat per la reducció del volum de LCR i del volum de sang circulant, venosa sobretot. Si l’hematoma continua creixent, arribarà un moment en què no serà possible mantenir aquesta compensació i la pressió intracranial començarà a augmentar fins al punt que arribarà a desplaçar el parènquima cerebral de la posició normal fins a protrudir per algun dels orificis o compartiments del crani. La pèrdua del mecanisme de compensació no suposa un augment de pressió lineal, sinó que a partir de cert moment un petit augment de volum suposarà un gran increment de pressió, i a la inversa, una petita retirada de volum pot fer baixar de forma considerable la pressió intracranial.
Davant d’aquest augment de pressió intracranial hi ha diverses teràpies que ens poden ajudar a disminuir-la mentre no es fa l’evacuació de l’hematoma. Aquestes van des de mesures generals com l’analgèsia, sedació, intubació i ventilació mecànica, elevació del tronc a 30º fins a altres específiques per a disminuir la pressió com la teràpia hiperosmolar, amb mannitol o sèrum salí hipertònic, la relaxació muscular o la hiperventilació moderada o severa i el coma barbitúric.
Pensant en aquest raonament fisiològic és lògic pensar que no cal drenar l’hematoma fins que, a pesar dels altres tractaments, arribem a aquesta pèrdua de compensació, que se’ns anunciarà amb la disminució brusca del nivell de consciència, l’aparició d’anisocòria o augment de diàmetre pupil·lar, postures de decorticació/descerebració o la manca de reactivitat pupil·lar. Diversos estudis han intentat avaluar quin moment temporal de l’evolució d’aquests pacients és el millor per a evacuar l’hematoma. La Societat de Neurocirurgia d’Australàsia recomana que, d’acord amb el neurocirurgià i per a trasllats de més de dues hores en pacients que es deterioren (baixada de Glasgow de 2 o més punts o augment de mida pupil·lar) el drenatge es faci en el lloc d’origen, en aquest cas amb un abordatge quirúrgic “clàssic”. Una revisió de 2011 considera que el drenatge previ al trasllat és adequat, però no defineix cap referència temporal, si que referencia estudis previs que parlen de dues hores des de l’aparició dels símptomes com un màxim per a l’evacuació, ja que els resultats a partir d’aquest temps empitjoren sensiblement. Un article de 2019 proposa un algoritme de decisió que pot ser útil
Sembla doncs que per temps curts no és necessari plantejar-se aquest drenatge, especialment si som prou àgils en el trasllat mentre s’apliquen les altres teràpies per a disminuir la pressió intracranial. Per a distàncies més llargues la interconsulta amb neurocirurgia hauria de plantejar la necessitat o no fer aquesta trepanació prèvia al trasllat.
Sobre l’ús, escàs de moment, d’aquesta tècnica de drenatge amb l’agulla intraòssia ja hi ha hagut certs dubtes o controvèrsies, el que ja he esmentat de la finestra temporal, sobre si és èticament adequat fer servir aquestes tècniques “fora de guia” i també el de si el diàmetre de l’agulla és suficient per a l’evacuació significativa i repetida, si s’escau, de l’hematoma .
I després de tota aquesta pila d’informació, què? Doncs inicialment pensava que això de fer servir l’agulla intraòssia per a aquest acte salvador era el roc a la faixa per a intentar resoldre aquesta situació dramàtica, vist tot el que he trobat ja no ho tinc tant clar. Espero que no em calgui fer-ho servir mai.
* Proposem una traducció d’aquesta abreviatura al català en aquest episodi de l’empod.cat
Saber-ne més
http://www.emdocs.net/unlocking-common-ed-procedures-crackin-the-cranium-a-review-of-cranial-burr-hole-decompression/
https://www.emrap.org/episode/emrap2021/ruralmedicine
https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Burr_hole
Bibliografia
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