Podeu trobar la versió àudio d’aquest contingut a l’empod.ca t
La i-gel és una mascareta laríngia de segona generació que sempre havia considerat com a molt senzilla d’utilitzar, però el següent enfilall de tuiter d’en @cliffreid ens mostra que no està exempta de complicacions.
De llegir-lo i de les respostes que ha rebut m’he decidit a fer aquesta entrada amb tota la informació i trucs necessaris per a reeixir en la seva inserció i maneig.
Comencem pel principi, que és la i-gel? Segons el mateix fabricant és un dispositiu supraglòtic de segona generació. Aquests dispositius estan pensats per a poder ventilar un pacient mantenint la via aèria permeable. Supraglòtic vol dir que està per sobre de les cordes vocals, per tant, la via aèria no està aïllada totalment i l’aspiració de contingut gàstric és possible, tot i que poc probable. I segona generació fa referència al fet que són una nova iteració de la mascareta laríngia tradicional. La primera generació “només” era un tub que permetia el pas de gas de l’exterior cap a la laringe i habitualment amb alguna mena de “segell” inflable per a l’esòfag per a disminuir el risc d’insuflació gàstrica. La segona generació millora la seguretat respecte al risc d’aspiració i inclou un accés per a l’aspiració gàstrica .
Parts de la i-gel, extret de la publicitat del fabricant
A diferència de la immensa majoria de les altres mascaretes laríngies, la i-gel no porta cap mena de dispositiu inflable, fa el segell de l’esòfag gràcies a la seva forma i el material, una mena de silicona, que s’adapta a l’espai faringi on reposa un cop instaurada. La forma del tub tampoc és la cilíndrica habitual de les mascaretes laríngies, té un perfil el·líptic en comptes de circular per a poder encabir el conducte per a passar la sonda gàstrica paral·lel al de ventilació. La part més distal de tot aquest tub és molt rígida de manera que actua com a bloquejador contra la potencial mossegada del pacient.
El fabricant les ven en format “anestèsia” on només proporciona la mascareta amb un suport perquè no es deformi (i facilitar-ne la lubricació) i en format “resus pack”, només per a adults, on s’hi afegeix el lubricant, una sonda gàstrica i una cinta per a fixar-lo un cop inserit. També la mascareta presenta algunes modificacions respecte a la d'”anestèsia”, com són una anella a la part distal per a fixar el dispositiu amb la cinta i un connector per a tub d’oxigen i poder fer oxigenació passiva. Recentment han introduït al mercat una nova versió de la mascareta, la i-gel Plus , amb alguns canvis respecte a l’original. En aquesta entrada farem referència, en general, a aquest model “resus pack”.
Contingut de l’i-gel Resus Pack
Per a inserir correctament aquest dispositiu el primer és triar-ne adequadament la mida. El fabricant ens ofereix tres talles per a adult i quatre per a pacient pediàtric que identifica cadascuna amb el seu color. Recomana que la selecció es faci en funció del pes del pacient:
Taula de talles, segons el fabricant.
Per l’esmentat resus pack només tenim les tres talles d’adult amb les següents distribucions segons el pes del pacient:
Talla 3 entre 30 i 60 kg (color groc)
Talla 4 entre 50 i 90 kg (color verd)
Talla 5 a partir de 90 kg (color taronja)
De tota manera, un estudi posterior suggereix fer servir la talla 4 per a dones i la 5 per a homes, simplificant així la tria de la mida.
Un cop seleccionada la talla s’ha de procedir a la preparació de la mascareta. Per a aquest dispositiu es limita a lubricar la mascareta, ja que no hi ha cap baló pneumàtic que s’hagi de comprovar. Per aquesta lubricació podem aprofitar l’envàs de la màscara o el suport per distribuir de forma més o menys uniforme el lubricant tant la cara posterior, com les laterals i la cara anterior. L’envàs o el suport ens poden facilitar aquesta tasca. El fabricant insisteix a retirar l’excés de lubricant que pugui quedar a la màscara abans d’inserir-la. Un cop lubricada la podem deixar en el mateix envàs fins que l’hàgim d’usar
Lubricació dels laterals de la I-gel fent ús de l’envàs per a intentar distribuir el lubricant de forma uniforme.
Previ a la inserció en el pacient ens cal preparar-lo, bàsicament en dos aspectes, la preoxigenació i la posició del cap. La preoxigenació ens aplicarà només quan el pacient no estigui en aturada cardíaca, justament una de les millors indicacions d’ús d’aquest dispositiu . Tot i que el temps que es triga a posar-lo és curt, cal tenir present que possiblement la persona no ventilarà durant aquesta estona; si iniciem el procediment amb oxigenacions justetes podríem precipitar un col·lapse respiratori o hemodinàmic, per tant, aplicarem la preoxigenació que creguem oportuna (màscara d’alta concentració, ulleres alt flux…) sempre que ens sigui possible.
El pacient el posicionarem posant el cap en una posició anomenada “flexoextensió” com es veu en el següent diagrama
Aquesta posició també s’anomena “ear-to-sternal-notch”, perquè l’orifici auditiu queda a la mateixa alçada que el manubri esternal, i alinea molt bé les estructures de la via aèria. Com en tots aquests tipus dispositius s’han descrit insercions exitoses en tota mena de posicions (pacient assegut, en prono, de costat…) , però aquesta sembla que és amb la que s’obté una millor taxa d’èxit.
Tècnica d’obertura de boca amb un sol operador.
Un cop el dispositiu i el pacient estan preparats és el moment d’inserir la i-gel. El primer moviment consisteix a obrir la boca del pacient. Si ho fem sols podem fer servir la tècnica dels dits creuats o encara millor desplaçar la mandíbula cap enfora amb la mà no dominant.
Tècnica d’obertura de boca amb dos operadors.
Si som dues persones, l’obertura de la boca la podrà fer un sol operador, recolzant els polzes d’ambdues mans en el mentó del pacient i desplaçant-lo caudalment mentre la resta de dits subjecten el cap del pacient en posició neutre. Aquesta seria la millor forma de fer-ho en un pacient traumàtic.
Un cop oberta la boca procedim a introduir la mascareta dins la cavitat bucal. Com en la resta de mascaretes laríngies la idea és buscar sempre el paladar amb la part posterior de la mascareta. El fabricant ens recomana entrar la mascareta amb l’orifici de ventilació mirant la llengua del pacient.
Posicionament de la i-gel durant la inserció segons el fabricant
Però com en el cas de la selecció de talla, trobem també un altre estudi que mostra millors resultats introduint aquest dispositiu girat 90º en sentit antihorari fins que toqui la retrofaringe i llavors posicionar-lo en la posició estàndard. En el vídeo del final de l’entrada podeu veure ambdues tècniques.
Quan la punta del dispositiu toqui amb la retrofaringe és el moment de fer l’elevació de mandíbula per a disminuir el risc que “enganxem” l’epiglotis amb la mascareta o arrosseguem la llengua cap enrere. Aquesta elevació tant la pot fer un sol operador tibant del maxil·lar inferior cap amunt com un segon operador, tal com mostra la següent imatge
Tècnica d’elevació mandibular amb un i dos operadors
I-gel correctament posicionada: (a) punta de la mascareta a l’esòfag (b) orifici de la mascareta encarat a la laringe (c) bloc antimossegada a l’alçada de les incisives.
Aprofitant doncs aquesta maniobra introduirem amb cura el dispositiu fins que sentim una resistència que no es pot superar. En aquest punt podem considerar que la i-gel ha quedat col·locada en la seva ubicació correcta. En la part posterior del dispositiu, just per sota del número de la talla hi ha una línia negra perpendicular al conducte, aquesta línia serveix de referència i hauria de quedar aproximadament a l’alçada de les dents incisives (fletxa C del diagrama).
Fixació de l’i-gel resus pack amb la seva cinta.
Per tant, ara ja només ens queda comprovar que podem ventilar correctament a través del dispositiu. Aquí podem fer servir tant la capnografia si en disposem, com l’auscultació pulmonar i l’elevació del tòrax. Si aquesta comprovació és satisfactòria, fixarem la i-gel amb la seva cinta.
Si, en canvi, veiem que la ventilació és ineficaç (el tòrax no puja, el capnograma no mostra ona, no s’ausculta moviment d’aire…) ens trobem amb una de les complicacions d’aquest dispositiu, i una d’important. Haurem de treure immediatament la i-gel, ventilar i oxigenar amb altres mètodes i, quan el pacient estigui preparat de nou, repetir el procediment d’inserció modificant el que creguem oportú o canviar la forma de ventilar. Aquesta és, però, una complicació poc habitual, s’estima que entre un 85-95% dels primers intents tindran èxit en la inserció , augmentant fins a gairebé al 100% en subseqüents intents, fent les modificacions oportunes, com per exemple el canvi de talla. El fabricant ens recomana no fer més de tres intents d’inserció del dispositiu. Una altra complicació que sí que podem trobar més sovint són les fugues en ventilar, aquestes es poden disminuir millorant la posició del dispositiu o disminuint la pressió en ventilar. En un estudi quantifiquen la mitjana d’aquesta pressió de fuga en 26cm H20. Si la fuga és molt important i no es resol ens hauríem de plantejar canviar la i-gel per una talla més gran. I finalment, una altra complicació que podem trobar és la regurgitació de contingut gàstric i la seva potencial aspiració al pulmó. Just per a disminuir el risc d’aquesta complicació es van crear els dispositius de segona generació amb un conducte gàstric per a poder buidar el contingut de l’estómac i fer més difícil la regurgitació i potencial aspiració bronquial posterior.
Orificis de la I-gel, el superior per a la sonda d’aspiració gàstrica, el més gran per a la ventilació i el que surt cap a l’esquerra per la connexió amb una tubuladura d’oxigen
En el cas de la i-gel aquest conducte el trobem al costat del connector de ventilació del dispositiu. Aquest orifici és força estret i cal lubricar-lo molt bé per a poder passar-hi la sonda gàstrica. Tot i que no és obligatori fer aquesta aspiració de contingut en tots els casos, és molt recomanable fer-ho en el cas de l’aturada cardíaca, ja que a part de reduir el risc d’aspiració també disminuïm la pressió abdominal i, de retruc, la intratoràcica. Evidentment, fer aquesta maniobra no ha d’interferir en cap moment amb les compressions toràciques o la desfibril·lació.
i-gel amb la sonda gàstrica passada a través del canal gàstric
Finalment, ja només ens queda parlar de la retirada del dispositiu. El fabricant recomana no deixar-lo posat més de quatre hores. En cas que el pacient recuperi un nivell de consciència suficient podem aspirar la cavitat bucofaríngia i retirar suaument la i-gel, continuant el tractament que correspongui. En el nostre medi això és poc probable que passi, serà més habitual que aquest dispositiu s’hagi de recanviar per un tub endotraqueal. El fabricant emfatitza que la i-gel NO es pot fer servir per a passar-hi aquest tub si no és guiat amb un broncoscopi, a pesar d’això és sorprenent la quantitat de literatura existent sobre l’ús d’aquest dispositiu com a conducte per a intubar a cegues, ja sigui en maniquins o pacients reals i tant directament com amb l’ajuda d’alguna guia o fins i tot ecografia .
I per acabar aquesta extensa entrada sobre aquest dispositiu podeu donar un cop d’ull al pòster resum del fabricant . Amb tota la informació obtinguda encara penso que és un dispositiu molt útil i espero veure’l cada cop més, especialment en les reanimacions que inicien les unitats de suport vital bàsic.
Saber-ne més
Web del fabricant
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2019
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